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King Rudolf Duala Manga Bell ~~ Cameroon

1914: Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, in Cameroon

Rudolf Duala Manga Bell (1873–8 August 1914) was a Duala king and resistance leader in the German colony of Kamerun. After being educated in both Kamerun and Europe, he succeeded his father, Manga Ndumbe Bell, on 2 September 1908. Manga Bell styled himself after European rulers, and he generally supported the colonial German authorities. He was quite wealthy and educated, although his father left him a substantial debt.

In 1910, the German Reichstag developed a plan by which the riverain Duala would be moved inland to allow for wholly European riverside settlements. Manga Bell became the leader of pan-Duala resistance to the policy. He and the other chiefs at first pressured the administration through letters, petitions, and legal arguments, but these were ignored or rebutted. Manga Bell turned to other European governments for aid, and he sent representatives to the leaders of other Cameroonian peoples to suggest the overthrow of the German regime. Sultan Ibrahim Njoya of the Bamum people reported his actions to the authorities, and the Duala leader was arrested. After a summary trial, Manga Bell was hanged for high treason on 8 August 1914. His actions made him a martyr in Cameroonian eyes. Writers such as Mark W. DeLancey, Mark Dike DeLancey, and Helmuth Stoecker view his actions as an early example of Cameroonian nationalism.

Another Account

In 1914, the Germans hanged D(o)uala king Rudolf Duala Manga Bell for treason in German Kamerun.

European-educated and on retainer by the colonial German government, Bell was hardly the subversive type: rather, as the head of the largest clan of the important Duala tribe, he was the guy that Berlin looked to to uphold its authority.

This mutually satisfactory relationship began unraveling in 1910, with the Reich’s plan to abnegate the 1884 treaty under whose auspices it intruded into Kamerun (Cameroon) in the first place.

Seeking to confine the Duala to a few coastal villages — and subsequently, to push those Duala to less desirable inland territory — Berlin managed the rare feat of uniting the tribe’s various families, and pushing Rudolf Manga Bell himself into (surprising, to Germany) resistance.

When petitions to the Reichstag were ignored, the Duala began (Bell’s own degree of involvement in this seems to be a disputed point) making noises about holding Berlin in breach of the colonial treaty and finding itself a new European patron, like France or England.

[According to reports, the Sultan of Bamoun reported Bell to the Germans]
Bell was arrested for treason in the first half of 1914, as the Germans seized prime Bell land along the Wouri River.

In the conflict that became remembered as World War I, the first declarations of war were made in the very first days of August; Axis and Ententethe Central Powers and Triple Entente lined up against one another in the colonial territories, too, and German administrators in Kamerun realized that they were about to face an invasion from neighboring British and French colonies.

So it was in an atmosphere of panic and a view towards desperate internal repression that Bell was tried for treason on August 7, 1914, along with his friend and fellow-traveler Martin Paul Samba — and put to death the very next day.
Postscript

The Allied invasion had taken Duala and the other principal cities of Kamerun from the Germans by the end of September; over an 18-month campaign, the Germans were totally defeated in the territory, which France and England claimed as victors’ spoils after the war. (Also inheriting the tense relationship with the Duala; France was still trying to sort out the 1914 German expropriations that started the whole mess decades later.)

As a result, Rudolf Duala Manga Bell’s son, Alexander Ndoumbe Duala Manga Bell, not only inherited his father’s royal position among the Duala — he became Cameroon’s first elected representative to the French National Assembly.* There’s more about that guy here.

It is here that the Germans part ways with Cameroon’s national story, but there was almost a “peace in our time” diplomatic reconquista.

    Although Hitler originally held the colonial movement in great disdain, in the late 1930s his regime ‘adopted’ and coordinated this movement. After 1936 the renewed campaign for the recuperation of German colonies had its desired results among the Allied powers. In discussions between the French Foreign Minister, Yvon Delbos, and the American Ambassador, William Bullitt, proposals were considered for the appeasement of Germany including tariff reductions, the involvement of the Third Reich in the development of Africa, and finally the granting of a colony to Germany, probably the Cameroons. In November 1937, during talks between Premier Chautemps, Prime Minister Chamberlain, Eden and Delbos, the suggestion was allegedly made by Chamberlain that France should ‘hand the Cameroons to Germany at once without any quid pro quo’.**

* Ralph A. Austen, “The Metamorphoses of Middlemen: The Duala, Europeans, and the Cameroon Hinterland, ca. 1800 – ca. 1960″, The International Journal of African Historical Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1 (1983).

** Richard A. Joseph, “The German Question in French Cameroun,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, Vol. 17, No. 1 (1975)


Azanwi Nchami’s Footprints of Destiny (“the historical Cameroonian novel par excellence”) tells the story of Rudolf Manga Bell, Martin Paul Samba, and emergent Kamerunian nationalism.

And one notes the year in this post’s title, which would become momentous to Germany for other reasons. “The coming war,” notes Victor T. LeVine, “made it appear that Manga Bell had been plotting with Germany’s enemies.”

http://www.executedtoday.com/tag/wouri-river/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Duala_Manga_Bell

Recommended Reading:  
http://www.amazon.com/dp/9956558834?tag=exectoda-20&camp=14573&creative=327641&linkCode=as1&creativeASIN=9956558834&adid=1H0RRXF4HJ1K9M34JZ45&

King Auguste Manga Ndumbe Bell ~~ Cameroon

Possible Portrait of Auguste Manga Ndumbe Bell.  Some Believe it is his son

Auguste Manga Ndumbe Bell (1851 - 2 September 1908^[1]) was a leader of the Duala people of southern Cameroon from 1897 to 1908 during the period after the German colonialists assumed control of the region as the Kamerun colony





Manga came from the Bell lineage, son of King Ndumbe Lobe Bell.^[3] He was English-educated. In the period leading up to the German annexation, his family was in the ascendancy over the Akwa family, was particularly strong in the Mungo River trade and was highly regarded by the Europeans.^[4] However, after signature of the protection treaty in July 1884, the first German governor, Julius von Soden, favored the Akwa family. Manga was even exiled to Togo for two years on the basis that he was a "bad influence" in Douala. While in Togo, Manga became a friend of Eugen von Zimmerer, the German commissioner, who then became governor of Kamerun. On his.return, Manga took pains to establish good relations with the other important colonial officials.^[5]



When his father Ndumbe Lobe Bell, generally known as "King Bell", died in December 1897, Manga Bell inherited his position and salary in exchange for taking greater responsibility for his people and supplying porters to the government. The next year, he was given appeals jurisdiction over all the native people of the Littoral region.^[6] As the colonial authorities became increasingly involved in administration of the region, tensions rose between the Bell and Akwa families and between the Duala people and the Germans. In 1902-1903 Manga Bell went to Germany to present his complaints and requests to the authorities. He was accompanied by his son Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, who been educated in Germany. The trip was successful, and Manga benefited personally from the grant of a valuable elephant licence.^[7]



Manga Bell was the first of the Duala to turn from trade to direct production of agricultural goods.^[8] The Atlantic Slave Trade had long been abolished, replaced by trade in palm oil and other produce, but the slave system had persisted internally and continued after the Germans took control. However, the slave owners were gradually forced to improve their treatment of slaves, whose position evolved to that of dependent farm workers. When Manga Bell started his first cocoa plantation, he had to provide gifts to his slaves to persuade them to work the new and unfamiliar crop.^[9] During his period of rule, the Mungo region gained almost 70% of the cocoa trade, almost entirely controlled by the Bells.^[10]



Manga Bell built a palace in the center of Douala, also known as the "Pagoda" due to its architectural style, completed in 1905. Today, the Pagoda is one of the tourist attractions of the city.^[11] He died on 2 September 1908. Speaking at his funeral, the governor said "Duala people, the roof under which Whites and Blacks mingled has collapsed".^[8] Manga's position was passed on to his son, Duala, who was executed by the Germans in 1914 after attempting to stir up a revolt against the colonialists.^[3]

Pagoda Palace

Cited books

• Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999). Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521566649.
• Bureau, René (1996) (in French). Le peuple du fleuve: sociologie de la conversion chez les Douala. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2865376311.
• Kamé, Bouopda Pierre (2008) (in French). Cameroun, du protectorat vers la démocratie, 1884-1992. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2296054455.
• "La Pagode" (in French). Cameroun Découverte. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
• Miers, Suzanne; Klein, Martin A. (1999). Slavery and colonial rule in Africa. Routledge. ISBN 0714644366.
•  
 

 

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Ndumbe_Bell

Auguste Manga Ndumbe Bell

Auguste Manga Ndumbe Bell (1851 - 2 September 1908^[1]) was a leader of the Duala people of southern Cameroon from 1897 to 1908 during the period after the German colonialists assumed control of the region as the Kamerun colony.



Manga came from the Bell lineage, son of King Ndumbe Lobe Bell.^[3] He was English-educated. In the period leading up to the German annexation, his family was in the ascendancy over the Akwa family, was particularly strong in the Mungo River trade and was highly regarded by the Europeans.^[4] However, after signature of the protection treaty in July 1884, the first German governor, Julius von Soden, favored the Akwa family. Manga was even exiled to Togo for two years on the basis that he was a "bad influence" in Douala. While in Togo, Manga became a friend of Eugen von Zimmerer, the German commissioner, who then became governor of Kamerun. On his.return, Manga took pains to establish good relations with the other important colonial officials.^[5]



When his father Ndumbe Lobe Bell, generally known as "King Bell", died in December 1897, Manga Bell inherited his position and salary in exchange for taking greater responsibility for his people and supplying porters to the government. The next year, he was given appeals jurisdiction over all the native people of the Littoral region.^[6] As the colonial authorities became increasingly involved in administration of the region, tensions rose between the Bell and Akwa families and between the Duala people and the Germans. In 1902-1903 Manga Bell went to Germany to present his complaints and requests to the authorities. He was accompanied by his son Rudolf Duala Manga Bell, who been educated in Germany. The trip was successful, and Manga benefited personally from the grant of a valuable elephant licence.^[7]

Manga Bell was the first of the Duala to turn from trade to direct production of agricultural goods.^[8] The Atlantic Slave Trade had long been abolished, replaced by trade in palm oil and other produce, but the slave system had persisted internally and continued after the Germans took control. However, the slave owners were gradually forced to improve their treatment of slaves, whose position evolved to that of dependent farm workers. When Manga Bell started his first cocoa plantation, he had to provide gifts to his slaves to persuade them to work the new and unfamiliar crop.^[9] During his period of rule, the Mungo region gained almost 70% of the cocoa trade, almost entirely controlled by the Bells.^[10]



Manga Bell built a palace in the center of Douala, also known as the "Pagoda" due to its architectural style, completed in 1905. Today, the Pagoda is one of the tourist attractions of the city.^[11] He died on 2 September 1908. Speaking at his funeral, the governor said "Duala people, the roof under which Whites and Blacks mingled has collapsed".^[8] Manga's position was passed on to his son, Duala, who was executed by the Germans in 1914 after attempting to stir up a revolt against the colonialists.^[3]

1. ^ Kamé 2008, pp. 416.
2. ^ Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 6.
3. ^ ^{a b} Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 7.
4. ^ Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 84.
5. ^ Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 104.
6. ^ Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 105.
7. ^ Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 106.
8. ^ ^{a b} Bureau 1996, pp. 216.
9. ^ Miers & Klein 1999.
10. ^ Austen & Derrick 1999, pp. 120.
11. ^ La Pagode.

[edit] Cited books

• Austen, Ralph A.; Derrick, Jonathan (1999). Middlemen of the Cameroons Rivers: the Duala and their hinterland, c.1600-c.1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521566649.
• Bureau, René (1996) (in French). Le peuple du fleuve: sociologie de la conversion chez les Douala. KARTHALA Editions. ISBN 2865376311.
• Kamé, Bouopda Pierre (2008) (in French). Cameroun, du protectorat vers la démocratie, 1884-1992. Editions L'Harmattan. ISBN 2296054455.
• "La Pagode" (in French). Cameroun Découverte. Retrieved 2011-02-21.
• Miers, Suzanne; Klein, Martin A. (1999). Slavery and colonial rule in Africa. Routledge. ISBN 0714644366.
•  

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manga_Ndumbe_Bell

History of Bameka ~ Bamileke Land

History Bameka

History teaches us that the founders of four groups of the former Department of Mifi that are Bamendjou , BAMÉKA, BAMOUNGOUM and Banso and speaking "NGUEMBA" which means "I say hey ..." were the children of a family belonging to the last wave of people Bamiléké driven by Bamoun themselves driven by the Tikar around the seventeenth century.

The names of the villages are brought about names that parents of these children gave them because of certain characteristics of their behavior or their very status in the family.

Thus, the first born, who was an illegitimate child should not be well accepted by his adoptive father, head of the family. Each time he makes a mistake, the father exclaimed: "Jo MU'NDJWO WA LET a'la" which means "here's a little unfortunate that I stuck with it." His brothers took the habit of calling it "MU'NDJWO", "little accident". From there came the name of the village he founded later and is now called Bamendjou.

The second (the first born of the couple) pamper loved his little brother. In doing so it would be so strong against him that their mother once exclaimed: "Me MANA'H NKATCHE TA CHIA", meaning "the boy hugged the baby too." Once his brothers called him "MU NKATCHE" (short for MU-NKA), which gave the name "MU-NKA" he founded the village later today called BAMÉKA.

The third was nice and helpful, qualities which made ​​him eligible to always have a bit more than others and therefore be satisfied. One day his mom was excited and said, "Do MANA'H NKWONG NGOUGOUM tsit TA TCHI" which means "the child likes to show off to be satisfied." It was called then "MU-NGOUGOUM", "wise guy" from which came the name MU-Ngum founded the village that later today called BAMOUGOUM.

The fourth very quarrelsome, was often a source of tension between Bates and his brothers. One day his parents called him and he intimated that order, "TCHO PEUMEMA POH YI Satch" no longer sow discord among your brothers. Of "NE Satch" = disunity comes the name "SSA" which was given to this child who later founded the village the village "NSAAH" now called Banso.

Faced with the lack of farmland and hunting grounds in their area of origin, the four brothers left their parents and came to settle on the present site of BAMÉKA where they lived together for several years before separating in cause conflicts between them regularly.

The first went to live in the southwest of the village and founded BAMEKA Bamendjou.

The other stayed behind and founded the village BAMÉKA.
The third went to found north of the village BAMÉKA BAMOUGOUM.
The fourth withdrew to the northwest of the village to establish BAMEKA Banso.

As children in every family get together very often by natural affinities. "MU-NDJWO" was very close to "MU-NKATCHE" while "MU-NGOUGOUM" got along well with "SSA". This grouping pairs of four brothers perpetrated by consolidating even after their separation. This probably explains why, throughout history, certain practices of the estate at the head of these four groups have remained secure, and well established as law. Thus the Chief Bamendjou "adopt" the Head BAMÉKA and vice versa: the Head BAMOUGOUM "adopt" the Head Banso and vice versa.

The creation of the village to the present day sixteen successive leaders for the leadership BAMÉKA. The head TAKOUKAM JEAN RAYMOND succeeded Feuhant NTCHINDA who was the 18th of the dynasty. This, in chronological order:

1 - Feuhant KA, founding ancestor of MU-NKA
2 - Feuhant NJONVEUH "hunter"
3 - Feuhant NKANDJO
4 - Feuhant NOGHOWO
5 - Feuhant TSINGTENE
6 - Feuhant KEMTCHEWET
7 - Feuhant NGUEPONGWO
8 - Feuhant TAGATCHA
9 - Feuhant TAKOUKAM
10 - Feuhant FEUKAM
11 - I Feuhant Fotsing
12 - Feuhant Fotsing II
13 - Feuhant FEUGANG
14 - Feuhant TAKOUKAM II
15 - Feuhant MBUKO Michel (1961-1965)
16 - Feuhant TAMBO Felix (1967-1996)
17 - Feuhant Pokam
18 - Feuhant NTCHINDA
19 - Feuhant TAKOUKAM JOHN RAYMOND (current Head of the kingdom BAMÉKA)

ORGANISATIONS

That the succession is from father to son or brother to brother, we can consider the Bamileke chiefdoms as kingdoms. Therefore naturally becomes BAMÉKA BAMÉKA the kingdom and the chief, the king (although there's no crown).

All the kingdoms of Grassfield (Christian name given by settlers which means fertile soil and represents the highlands of western Cameroon, from the MOUNGO ... ... .. ... .. through) are hyper-structured .

In each kingdom, the king is the supreme authority. It embodies the spiritual and temporal power. His entourage consists of the servants called TCHEUH-Feuhant and NWOLAH. The notables called "Nkam" assist the king in administrative and political management of his kingdom.

The hierarchy is the rule throughout the kingdom. The King is assisted by "NWOLAH" of "taahir MBA" and the modestly "MEFOH NKWONG".

1. NWOLAH TCHOUBUM:
He is the coordinator of administrative and political activities in the kingdom. In a way the Prime Minister;

2. NWOLAH NO'OH:
It is that which ensures the order and serenity to the palace, a sort of steward who watches over women and children of the king. It is likened to the Minister of the Interior.

3. NWOLAH KA:
This is one for whom the secret societies and associations have no secrets. It links them and majesty. It is the Minister in Charge of Relations.

4. Taahir MBA:
It is the aide of his majesty.

5. MEFOH NKWONG:

This is the first wife of King in some way the Queen.

Each of his Ministers is assisted by two deputies and KUETCHE NDEFEU. Once they honored his services very young (14 years to 20 years). After nine years of loyal service to his Majesty, they receive a title of nobility, female (s) and piece of land in the kingdom in gratitude.
In the not too distant time, the "NWOLAH", "taahir MBA", and "MEFOH NKWONG" accompanied the king in the afterlife to continue to serve in that a king never dies he rests.


The king often refers to the various councils of notables: the council of "September" and the council of "new". The meetings of different councils are held the leadership under the chairmanship of the King. However, the two boards may have to sit together at the request of the King.

The council of seven notables "MEKAM SAAMBAH" or "NDZO"
With the King they are considered the founders of the village. They perform religious functions. All the sacrifices to the gods, maintenance and running of sacred places called "Ndah-IF" they are responsible. They are the ones that accompany the King to his final resting place.


1. MBA NDZOGANG the district PENG
2. NDZO TSINBOU the district LATSIS
3. NDZO TATSOKAM the district MESSENGER
4. NDZO TACHUM the district LATSIS
5. NDZO DJOUBENG the district KOUOGOUO
6. TENE NDZOCHUM the district KOUOGOUO
7. NDZO DOUMKAM the district KOUOGOUO


The council of nine notables "MEKAM-NEFEUH" or "MBE"
This is the highest room and holds the legislative and legal. In this room will seat seven notables attended by the Prime Minister, "NWOLAH TCHOUBUM" under the stewardship of the King. In addition to the designation of the King, the decision on the promotion of a notable, the removal of a King if deemed incompetent or if they believe that the King does not follow the guideline that they all set. This is the highest court. Under the chairmanship of the King, it considers any dispute before it, and does not transfer to the courts in modern cases of incompetence or refusal of the verdict by one of the two parties.


1. MBE NZOTSING the district NGOUANG
2. MBE NDZOJOU the district KOUOGOUO
3. MBE NDZOTCHOUANG the district NGOUANG
4. MBE TATCHOUO MBOH the district MEJIA
5. MBE TESSANJE the district MEJIA
6. MBE NDZOTET the district MESSENGER
7. KUE NGAGHANG the district KOUOGOUO
8. NWOLAH TCHOUBUM
9. His Majesty the King.
Photo of High Chief Bameka

www.bameka.com

 

1. www.cameroon-info.net
2. www.cameroun-infotourisme.com
3. www.bafoussam.fr
4. www.bayangam.com
5. www.museumcam.org
6. www.souvenirducameroun.com

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The Ikom Monoliths of Nigeria

Thanks Professor Catherine Acholonu for your hard work!

Over 300 monoliths carved from basalt in this style were created in the Cross River region of Nigeria between 200 to 1900 A.D. These lithic monuments, which vary in size ranging from around two to over six feet in height, are usually found in circular groupings facing inward. The depiction of human features in stone is unusual in sub-Saharan Africa; additionally, the scale, number, and arrangement of the Cross River monoliths distinguish them from other groupings of anthropomorphic sculpture.

This particular example, with its elegant low-relief detailing around the eyes and the ornate cicatrization along the cheeks, led to its attribution to a class of objects created by members of the Nnam, one of eight clans that comprise the Bakor ethnic group of the Cross River region. Frequent motifs that appear on Nnam-style monoliths include a single spiral, double spiral, concentric circle, diamond, and triangle. This work is fragmentary and is the top half of what was originally a taller monolith. There is a clear differentiation between the sculpture's front and back, with the rear being devoid of inscription. The marks themselves refer to cicatrization patterns, which comment upon the wearer's level of initiation, ethnic, clan, and family identity. These markings may also relate to symbols that would have been painted on the body during festivals and ceremonies. All of the stones depict bearded figures, which suggest venerability and wisdom.

Though these objects have played an important role in the ritual life of successive generations of members of local communities, their original purposes can only be conjectured. They may represent the spirit of deceased ancestors. It is also possible that they were created as memorials to important political and historical figures. Local people maintain that the stones were created by otherworldly powers and emerged out of the ground like trees. The difficulty that carving and transporting these stones would have represented to their makers—as compared to wood, which would have been more easily available and workable—is a further indication of their importance.

Source: Fragment from a Figure, Head [Nigeria (?); Nnam] (1995.64.18) | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Citation

"Fragment from a Figure, Head [Nigeria (?); Nnam] (1995.64.18)". In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2000–. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/1995.64.18 (October 2006)

http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/...od=08&region=afg

---

Ancient Monoliths of Cross River (Nigeria/Cameroon)

Standing Stones in Cross River State, South Nigeria. Akwanshi/Atal as the monolith is called among the Ejagham people of the Cross River State are distributed among over thirty communities. In each community, the stones are found in circles, sometimes perfect circles, facing each other standing erect, except where they have been tampered with by weather or man.

In some cases, the stones are found in the center of the village or in the central meeting place of the village elders, as in the case of Alok and Agba communities. In Etinan and Nabrokpa communities, the stones are located in an area of uncultivated forest outside the villages. The majority of the stones are carved in hard, medium-textured basaltic rock, a few are carved in sandstone and shelly limestone. The common features of the monoliths are that they are hewn into the form of a phallus ranging from about three feet in height to about five and half feet and are decorated with carvings of geometric and stylized human features, notably two eyes, an open mouth, a head crowned with rings, a stylized pointed beard, an elaborately marked navel, two decorative hands with five fingers, a nose, various shape of facial marks.

The stone monoliths of Alok Ikom bear a form of writing and a complex system of codified information. Although they seem to share the same general features, each stone, like the human finger print, is unique from every other stone in its design and execution.

The geometric images on the monoliths suggest that their makers possessed more than a basic knowledge of mathematics, not only because they are geometric, but also because of the obvious implication that there were computations and numbers on the layout of the stones.

Comparison with other similar properties

The Ikom monoliths with their geometric inscriptions could be compared to the rock Arts of Tanzania. The meanings of the codified symbol are known to only the artists. These are also associated with their origin, which is like most rock art works in Africa. Ikom monoliths could be West Africa's answer to United Kingdom's Stonehenge.

They are similar in arrangement and ordering to the Stone circuits in the Gambia, but unique in their complexity of design and interpretation.

Here are some pictures of ancient monoliths from the Cross River area found near Ekoi (aka Ejagham people) in Bakor.

Nigerian scholar Ekpo Eyo claims it would be more correct to call them Bakor monoliths, rather than Cross River monoliths as it is most often called. Eyo also claims that the usual designation of these artifacts as "Akwanshi" is incorrect, since this very word is actually used by Nta & Ntelle people to refer to small (from 3" to 6") non sculpted stones.

The monoliths we are dealing with are actually sculpted and much bigger (from 3’ 5" to 5'11") and are referred by locals as "atal" meaning stone. They are said to represent historical or legendary characters. Eyo claims that at the time of his publication, the only archeological dating available provided a 200 AD date for the Alok site.

Philip Allison (1968), Cross River monoliths, Lagos : Dept. of Antiquities, Federal Republic of Nigeria, 44 p., 67 p. of illustrations.

Notes: Professor Acholonu

Mark of Uru

Azuka is a girl born with a birthmark identical to the tattoo of a sinister sorceress Uru, who died long ago. Despite her
mother's effort to conceal the birthmark, it is eventually discovered, and the annihilation of the child becomes imminent,in order to protect her people from the curse of Uru.

The Importance of Cameroon in Our Ancient History And the Tree NOT Consumed By Fire

The Importance of Cameroon in Our Ancient History And the Tree NOT Consumed By Fire

by Catherine Acholonu Research Center for African Studies (CARC) on Saturday, July 23, 2011 at 3:20pm

Cameroon is major in all my works. Cameroon's range of seven mountains is sited in all migration stories of the Aztecs and Mayas from West Africa. This range of seven mountains with the central mountain being the highest in West Africa is also cited in Enoch's heavenly journey with the angel.


Mount Cameroon, Also known as Mount Fako and Chariot of the Gods
Enoch calls it the future throne of the Son of God when he comes to judge the earth. I think the Egyptian and South American step pyramids are modeled after this idea. The natives of Cameroon call it Chariot of the Gods. My research shows that it is the destination of the Pharaohs Afterlife journies, otherwise called Duat or Amenti - the underground abode of the god El/Ele/Ela.

The Mysterious Tree of Mount Cameroon. This tree will not be consumed by ANY Bush Fire.


I have every evidence in my books The Gram Code and the Lost Testament to prove that MOSES MET GOD ON THE SLOPES OF THE VOLCANIC MOUNT CAMEROON!!! Also the River of the Exodus Crossing was the Niger. We have every evidence from Egyptian records to support these.

Hatsheptsut's Voyage to "Punt" was to the Cameroon/Nigeria Region!

From Hanno's Report: "There was a big island in this gulf and in the island was a lagoon with another island. Having disembarked there, we could see nothing but forest by day ; but at night many fires were seen and we heard the sound of flutes and the beating of drums and tambourines, which made a great noise. We were struck with terror and our soothsayers bade us leave the island.

"We left in haste and sailed along by a burning land full of perfumes. Streams of fire rose from it and plunged into the sea. The land was unapproachable because of the heat. Terror-stricken, we hastened away. During four days' sailing we saw at night that the land was covered with fire. In the middle was a high flame, higher than the others, which seemed to reach the stars. By day we realised that it was a very high mountain, named the Chariot of the Gods. Leaving this place, we sailed along the burning coast for three days and came to the gulf named the Horn of the South. At the end of it was an island like the first one, with a lake in which was another island full of savages."

Read more: Phoenician Sea and Land Voyages and Routes, Hanno and Necho http://phoenicia.org/proutes.html#ixzz1bdJ83KxC

~~ Professor Acholonu
SPECIAL THANKS TO: Franck Mensah Gampson for the Beautiful Photos!!!
For the Books:

http://www.amazon.com/Gram-Cod...ations/dp/B002IG1DAA
and

http://www.amazon.com/Lost-Tes...11453431&sr=1-11

Fula Basic Course

Fula - also known as Fulani, Peul, Poular, Toucouleur, and Fulfulde - is the language of the Fulbe, cattle raising and farming people of Nigeria, Senegal, Mali, Guinea, Cameroon, and Niger.

The Fula Basic Course consists of forty numbered units, three review units, and a glossary. Each unit includes a dialogue or other basic sentences and variation drills on basic sentences including certain vocabulary. In addition many units also contain grammar notes, drills on the grammar notes, narratives, and questions and topics for discussion.

Student Text

http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Fula

Yoruba Basic Course

Yoruba

Yoruba Basic Course
Yoruba Intermediate Texts




http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Yoruba

Hausa Basic Course

Hausa is the major language of the northern region of Nigeria. It is also used widely in commerce and trade in large areas of West Africa. Hausa is generically related to such well-known languages as ancient hieroglyphic Egyptian, Assyro-Babylonian, Hebrew and Arabic, as well as to others less familiar but also of importance, such as Amharic and Somali.

The Hausa Basic Course teaches the basic phonology and language and provides a good basic vocabulary. Instruction is centered on basic sentences, notes and drills. The recordings include the basic sentences and drills of the units, as well as the supplementary conversations that follow the units.

Student Text
Unit 01	Tape
Unit 02	Tape
Unit 03	Tape
Unit 04	Tape
Unit 05	Tape
Unit 06	Tape
Unit 07	Tape
Unit 08	Tape
Unit 09	Tape
Unit 10	Tape                                            http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Hausa

Igbo Basic Course

Igbo is based on the speech of two members of the Ezinehite group of Igbos in the Central Owerri Province between the towns of Owerri and Umuahia, Eastern Nigeria. The essential phonological and grammatical structure of Igbo is presented within a small vocabulary.

The Igbo Basic Course consists of four parts: tone drills; units 1-24 covering dialogues, notes, and drills; units 25-30 covering dialogues and short narratives; and vocabulary. The dialogues are presented in four columns headed pronunciation, structure, spelling and English.

Igbo Basic Text Ebook

Student Text


http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php?page=Igbo

FSI Language Courses

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Welcome to fsi-language-courses.org - the home for language courses developed by the Foreign Service Institute. These courses were developed by the United States government and are in the public domain. This site is dedicated to making these language courses freely available in an electronic format. This site is not affiliated in any way with any government entity; it is an independent, non-profit effort to foster the learning of worldwide languages. Courses here are made available through the private efforts of individuals who are donating their time and resources to provide quality materials for language learning. Language Courses designed by the State Department Shortly after WWII, the Foreign Service Institute of the US State Department produced language courses for its employees serving on overseas assignments. These language courses were designed for complete beginners and included many hours of audio, as well as several repetition and response drills. The focus was on listening and speaking, and less so on reading and writing. The FSI language courses are in the public domain and therefore have no copyright protection. Many of the courses are available to download for free at FSI Language Courses and they were donated by generous people who spent many, many hours digitizing the course books and cassettes into PDF and MP3 formats. Since HTML versions do not yet exist, I am trying to convert the PDFs into webpages that integrate the sound files, but it's a very time-consuming project. I would also like to make DOC or EPUB versions for more portability. Updates Catching Up January 16, 2011 The following texts have been posted over the months since this page's last update: FSI - Adapting and Writing Language Lessons FSI - Portuguese Programmatic Course - Volume 1 (Full Text) FSI - Portuguese Programmatic Course - Volume 2 (Full Text) FSI - Spanish FAST FSI - Swahili An Active Introduction - General Conversation FSI - Swahili An Active Introduction - Geography FSI - Vietnamese Familiarization Course FSI - Kirundi Basic Course FSI - Brazilian Portuguese FAST FSI - French Bridges DLI - Korean Headstart FSI - Polish FAST Also, the audio for the first 32 lessons of French Sub-Saharan FAST, as well as both the text and audio for German FAST, have been posted. Many thanks to Oberon for all the above, as well as Martin Styles for the updated audio for Italian FAST. Various Updates April 16, 2010 There have been several updates over the last few months. They include: Czech FAST Audio for Italian Programmed (first 12 tapes) Audio (and text updates) for Contemporary Cambodian More coming soon. New Material January 29, 2010 Spanish Headstart for Puerto Rico is now available as well as the text for Headstart for the Philippines. New Material November 12, 2009 The texts for the French and Italian Headstart courses are now available.  Russian FAST has also been added. New Text September 12, 2009 The text for Bulgarian Basic, Volume 2 is now available.  Also, the bookmarks in Volume 1 have been updated.  Many thanks to Oberon! WARNING! August 23, 2009 Last week, it was discovered that the forum located at the original site was generating a script that creates a hidden frame which contains a link to a known malware site.  That forum has since been shutdown. However, the same script has recently been detected in other areas of that site.  You should not visit the original site unless you have disabled javascript (or just use the noscript plugin on Firefox). New Forum August 23, 2009 This site's forum is now open. Please read the guidelines before posting. New Audio July 27, 2009 DemiPuppet has provided the following audio: French Headstart for Belgium German Headstart Italian Headstart Updated Audio June 23, 2009 MartinS has provided better quality audio files for the Korean Basic Course. See the Revision Notes for more details. He's also provided a cleaned up version of Tape 9.1 of the German Basic Course. And last, but not least, DemiPuppet has provided audio for Volume 2 of the Spanish Basic Course! New Material May 27, 2009 DemiPuppet has provided the following material: Italian FAST - Text and Audio Lingala Basic Course - Audio Headstart for Latin America (Spanish) - Text and Audio Updated Audio April 26, 2009 Audio for the French Basic Course (Units 1-18) has been updated with a new, improved version.  Thanks, once again, to DemiPuppet! New Material April 24, 2009 Audio for Bulgarian Volume 2 and the Shona Basic Course is now available.  Thanks, as always, to DemiPuppet! Bulgarian Audio Added March 12, 2009 Audio files (once again provided by DemiPuppet) have been posted for Volume 1 of the Bulgarian Basic Course.  An updated text is also posted. Improved Audio February 21, 2009 DemiPuppet has provided higher quality audio for the Cantonese Basic Course - Volume 1. New Audio January 31, 2009 Audio for the Yoruba Basic Course is now available, thanks to onebir! New Material January 17, 2009 Posted the texts for Modern Written Arabic Volume 3 and Serbo-Croatian Basic Volume 2. Thanks once again to DemiPuppet! Also posted the audio for Serbo-Croatian Volume 1. Thanks to liddytime! Uploaded more OCRed files from DemiPuppet. They are: FSI - From Spanish to Portuguese - Student Text FSI - Luganda Basic Course - Instructor and Student Text FSI - Serbo-Croatian Basic Course - Volume 1 - Student Text FSI - Swedish Basic Course - Student Text Odds and Ends January 14, 2009 Uploaded new OCRed files from DemiPuppet. They are: German Basic Course - Volume 1 - Student Text German Basic Course - Volume 2 - Student Text Le Monde Francophone - Student Text Spanish Basic Course - Volume 1 - Student Text Spanish Basic Course - Volume 2 - Student Text Spanish Programmatic Course - Volume 1 - Instructor Manual Spanish Programmatic Course - Volume 1 - Student Text Spanish Programmatic Course - Volume 1 - Workbook Spanish Programmatic Course - Volume 2 - Instructor Manual Spanish Programmatic Course - Volume 2 - Workbook Also, added the text for Serbo-Croatian Basic - Volume One.  More material coming soon. New Look January 3, 2009 Decided to change the look of the site to a more "FSI" feel. Hopefully, I haven't gone too far with it. Also, updated the Spanish To Portuguese audio, fixed a broken link (German Programmatic Introduction Unit 10 Tape 2), and began linking to some off-site material. Still working on the forum. Updated Texts December 31, 2008 DemiPuppet has kindly provided OCRed versions of the Finnish, French, Greek, and Hungarian texts.

http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php

Introduction to French Phonology
French Basic
Le Monde Francophone
Testing Kit - French and Spanish
French FAST Courses

Headstart for Belgium